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TL;DR - I use the craft beer industry as a way to understand Capitalist Propaganda, how Capitalism and Socialism are inextricably linked to each other, and how through the use of propaganda, companies use the "illusion of choice" to coerce you into believing that you prefer the products that are most favorable to them. In order to change this into the consumer's favor, you need to be an informed consumer in the free market, and raise class consciousness to overthrow the tyranny of Capitalist Propaganda, that is called "Marketing".
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You can't understand Capitalist Propaganda unless you have a solid understanding of what Capitalism is beyond the literal definition of the word, which is just an abstract ideal. Propaganda plays off of the discrepancies between the ideals of Capitalism, like the free market, which is another abstract ideal, and the reality of Capitalism in practice in America, which can be characterized as Trickle Down Economics. Capitalism sought to be a pragmatic alternative to its economic predecessors, a fact which drives Capitalist Propaganda. However, through layers of abstraction throughout the years, it has become more of a religion, as critics refer to the increasingly ideological concept as "Supply Side Jesus", meaning you give all the money to the rich, it'll trickle down to the poor, and they can "vote" on the actions of the capitalists through monetary interactions in the free market.
Capitalist Propaganda is engrained in America, because at the time of our founding, Adam Smith wrote "Wealth of Nations", which is considered the Bible of the Free Market. This groundbreaking work utilized Newton's Laws of Physics, which were en vogue at the time, to describe how interactions in the marketplace would balance each other out, just as the laws of Newtonian Physics do.
The very noble purpose of Wealth of Nations was not create the oligarchy we have today, but to do the opposite. He wanted to describe a system that would protect individual freedoms and be truly democratic. Just as Lenin and Stalin bastardized the works of Marx, so too have capitalists in America bastardized the intentions of Adam Smith.
Capitalism and Socialism are best learned side by side, in my opinion, to avoid falling into the trappings of either ideology that our brains like to do. Which one is better? It depends on the market, but the answer is almost always somewhere in between.
Through learning how Socialist concepts can be applied to problems in Capitalism, you can cut through the propaganda and will see for yourself that these problems can be solved if we just drop the labels and do what's best for society and the individual. The problem is always finding the proper balance.
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WHAT? CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM ARE JOINED AT THE HIP?
Yep. You can never live in a pure economic system. Purity is always an illusion. If you want something to be pure, you have to put a lot of energy into making it that way. Nature likes to mix stuff up. This is why ideologies around racial purity and fascism always fail. There are people who want a "pure" economic system, but they are usually the people at the top and would only get richer from more purity while the rest of society loses freedom and slowly starves.
In a nutshell, Capitalism promotes laws that benefit those with money, while Socialism promotes a safety net that benefits everyone. Every single human is born into Socialism. As a baby, you need food, someone else works for it and gives it to you, but then at some point, you are expected to exchange labor for capital, and buy your own food. See? The two are forever bound as the yin and yang. You can also grow your own food, but for that you need land, which is capital.
These interactions are very tricky. I only want to tell you enough so that you can start to see Capitalist Propaganda, because right now, you're like a fish in water that can't see water. I often use this line to describe a person who can't see their own homegrown propaganda. The best way I found to study Capitalism is by relating it Socialism, the "air" above the "water" of Capitalism, if that makes sense.
I always find it best to look at a microcosm to understand these concepts. And today, that microcosm is beer.
Mmmm....Beeeeeeeeeerrrrrrr.....
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND THE ILLUSION OF CHOICE
Before I poison your mind with my own propaganda, picture you're on vacation and you walk into a bar and want to order a beer. If you really want to understand the power of propaganda in your own life, really think of this before we break this all down. Really think, what makes you decide which beer to order? Do you like to look at the labels on the tap or bottle? That's obvious propaganda. It has absolutely nothing to do with the taste or quality of the beer itself, but sways your opinion toward logos you've seen before, which is why you see so many beer advertisements, which means that money that could've gone into quality is instead going into propaganda, and you're already biased towards an inferior product. Interesting. You really can't help being swayed by marketing, but at least you can be conscious of that fact, and that's important in order to be an informed consumer.
Do you ask the bartender for a recommendation? Why would you do that? You don't know the bartender any better than the beers in front of you. How do you know they aren't paid more to offer you a beer that sucks and is 12 years old and the owner wants to get rid of it? Do you ask for a certain style of beer? Do you ask for a local beer? And once you finally narrow it down to a few choices, do you ask for samples so you can make up your own mind? You should always do this. Then we get into "flavor propaganda", which we'll discuss later. Jeez. Did you every realize there was so much complexity behind being an informed consumer and just ordering a simple beer? Maybe you'll give in and just tell the bartender to pour whatever. Choice is difficult sometimes.
If you really visualize this and take a minute to let this sink in, you'll start to understand how external forces hijack the processor in your mind to manufacture desire through the illusion of choice. However, your health and enjoyment of the beer is not the goal for these external forces, they only want you to purchase. The perfect example is fast food. They know their product sucks, but they know you'll keep buying it, but that doesn't keep them from lying about how delicious it is in their ads. There is far more at play behind the curtain. There is a science behind addicting you to things, this is reinforced by a corporate tax and subsidy system that contorts the free market pushing centralization of production through homogenization and use of chemicals to hide the homogenization, and simply because there is more than one option, they make you feel like you have choice. This, in a nutshell, is how the illusion of choice works in the free market. It's not about what YOU want. The producer manipulates you to think you want what they have. Through this, they deceive Americans into buying products with a list of ingredients that a person would never freely choose to consume. So if you want to order a beer with no shit in it, then you're shit out of luck in America. You could in Germany, but we'll discuss that later.
While you're standing at that bar, you aren't conscious of the fact that your interests are in direct opposition to those of the bar owner's. Capitalists hide this fact with their perfect smiles, but Marx described this in detail. You want the best beer for the cheapest price, and the bar owner wants to sell you the cheapest beer at the highest price you'll pay. It doesn't stop there. The bar owner flips roles in the same situation with the beer distributor, who does the same with maybe another level of distribution, and continues to the brewer, then goes to the brewer versus supplier, supplier to farmer, and even though you'd think it stops there, the farmer has to deal with suppliers of equipment and seeds, and on and on.
Add to this list their auxiliary staff of HR, drivers, managers, brewers, bottle/keg makers, and of course owners, none of them care whether you actually like the beer you're drinking as long as you keep buying more. That's the big driver here.
Did you ever realize that every time you buy a beer, your own capital is partially responsible for creating and sustaining all of these jobs involved? You, my dear beer drinker, are the true job creator. Budweiser can brew all they want, it means nothing without buyers, who are the true engines of capitalism. Instead, you're treated as a rube by suits in a boardroom somewhere.
Capitalist Propaganda tells us the billionaires are job creators, but this is a lie. Jeff Bezos can't drink enough beer to sustain all these jobs. So why do we let him hoard all the money? Wouldn't the economy do better if we spread out Jeff's money so more people could buy more beers and more jobs would be created? According to Socialist Economics, yes. That's actually, quite simply, a Socialist Free Market. Did you even know that existed? The power hungry greedy people who are too lazy for manual labor go to such great lengths to make sure you don't learn it. They want you to think that only Capitalism allows you choice in the market. I'm sure you can guess why they say that.
Capitalism maintains itself by exulting the wealthy who use their economic power to punch down. The only way this system won't fall into fascism and fail is if the consumers start to punch back. Where Marx envisioned the Dictatorship of the Proletariat as they usurped power from the Bourgeoisie, a modern alternative is just teaching people to understand the system we live in, so that we can just start making changes in the way we live and to whom we give our money.
See that? Capitalism and Socialism can get along nicely, so long as the consumers are informed.
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CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE ALIENATION OF LABOR CAUSING LONELINESS IN SOCIETY
What I described within the previous section is what Marx called "Alienation of Labor". Each step in the process of making your beer is isolated from the others, so no one feels ownership over the end product or a true connection to the consumer, or job creator. Even the bartender selling it is alienated from the profit of their labor in serving the beer, so they only focus on the service aspect of giving you the beer, because that is where they earn their tip. They can't really fix anything about a shitty beer other than to offer you a different brand. The capitalist owner is usually not there. Their only interaction is setting the rules for everyone in the bar to follow, and pay themselves more than everyone who has to follow those rules. This is part of the conflict between the classes. I'm not saying it's right or wrong, I'm just pointing it out. The bar owner themself has to spend money on propaganda to attract customers that could be spent in other places, so has to find ways to cut costs. Unfortunately, they buy cheaper beer...and this is why you end up with IPAs. No one is connected to the products, so they only look at prices and find the cheapest, passable product. This is the race to the bottom of Capitalism.
Compare this to when brewpubs were a new thing. The brewer would come out and talk to you about the beer, you would give feedback that could effect future batches and it connected everyone to each other through commerce. It makes business "social" and I think nearly everyone enjoys that, but it is losing out in competition with chain breweries that enforce isolation and make cookie cutter propaganda and cookie cutter business models so they can turn owners into managers and suck all the profit back their corporate headquarters and offshore accounts. They kill the experience and make everything transactional. And all the kitsch they hang around their cookie cutter chain bar is just to hide the fact that no one in that place cares about anything other than not getting fired. Everyone is effectually alienated from everyone else. It's worth a read to check out this page on Marx's Theory of Alienation.
This alienation is the root of a lot of misery in society. Humans are communal animals forced to live in a society of individuality and alienation. As they mope around, they seek an escape. And that is why advertising is so nefarious. It seeks to manipulate you in that state. Imagine driving home from your alienating job to you empty home, but looking up and see a billboard with bunch of actors laughing and drinking beer. They take pictures that make these actors look like friends. It's just for show. They aren't selling beer to those laughing people in the picture. They're tempting lonely people to drown their sorrows. Capitalist Propaganda is used so your brain doesn't understand what it wants. It wants friends, then sees the words Bud Light. So when the bartenders asks...Make it a Bud Light. Look at how much money they spend to manipulate and capitalize on people's suffering.
Propaganda in Communist countries is controlled by the government, so it's clear who the enemy of your freedom is. Capitalist Propaganda hides behind the layers of complexity of the same economy you rely on to survive, so you never know what's propaganda or where it's coming from. Marketers find every way imaginable to get their disinformation in front of your eyes, even enlisting your friends on Facebook in annoying MLM schemes. Propaganda invaded everything that can be legally monetized. It's in the media, and not just commercials anymore. There's product placement, stories injected into the news, and even movies and social media created an entire industry of "lifestyle propaganda", telling you how to live your life and indulge in overconsumption. It's REALLY hard to get away from Capitalist Propaganda. There is so much money and research behind it and so much depth, even this long post is only barely scratching the surface. I just want to open your eyes to it.
I can't make you see all this. No one can. I can only describe it as best as I can. What you will experience when you understand this is what I call "Economic Enlightenment", similar to what Marx called "Class Consciousness". Once it happened to me, the world looked amazing, and the shitty propagandists selling us false hope all look like clowns in a very odd circus of vanity, despair and mediocrity.
Once I understood this, I saw clearly how we are increasingly trapped in a form of Corporate Slavery, led by seriously ridiculous oligarchs like Mark Zuckerberg, who thinks he's the reincarnation of Augustus Caesar or something. That's why he has that haircut! This is a guy who stole a company and hired "screen psychologists" from Las Vegas to get you hooked on Facebook the same as casinos do with slot machines. He wants to be the funnel for propaganda throughout the world. He wants to be the kingmaker, decide what people buy, who they like, what views they hold. He can only do this because so many companies spend so much money to put their propaganda on that platform. They can only have this much money because the free market is not actually free. It's bought and paid for on platforms like Facebook and Amazon. The money that was supposed to "trickle down" is instead being spent on Capitalist Propaganda on these platforms, to get the proletariate to trickle their money up through endless, nonsensical online purchasing and local businesses who send the town's money to people who can't do anything with it but buy up properties that increase your rent and cost of living.
When people get drunk on the power of propaganda, they forget the lessons of the past. Propagandists always fall prey to their own delusions over time. In reality, your life is better without Facebook. There isn't anything on there that is healthy. Even if you just want to talk to a few friends, you are going to fall for the propaganda there. You can't help it. And if your bar advertises on Facebook, just think, that money could've gone into purchasing higher quality beer then sold at the same price, instead of going to Mark Zuckerberg so he can drop $30 million to buy the houses around him so no one can spy on him while he spies on you. You really gotta watch out for a guy who combines spying and propaganda all into a single app and thinks he's going to bring 200 years of peace to America. History is littered with knuckleheads like that. It's best to get off Facebook and encourage everyone else to do the same. Zuck only wants to lead himself to the Promised Land, and he's using your ignorance to fuel his own delusions by deluding you into thinking you want what he has to offer.
Let's get back to beer.
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IPAs AND THE FREE MARKET VS THE RACE TO THE BOTTOM
I like beer. When I worked in Germany, it was easy to walk into a bar and, like Farva, just order a liter o' beer. Often, there would only be two choices, light color or dark. As a matter of fact, even at the most famous beer festival in the world, Oktoberfest, people mostly drink the same standard type of beer, and no one complains about the lack of choice. It's quite easy. You can order with one finger. No need to see a menu or ask what's in it. It's simply beer. This worked for centuries. Consumers are fine with it. Prost! Have you ever shared a story like this and people say, "Oh, that would never work in America. Americans want choice." Yeah. Because we are flooded with Capitalist Propaganda.
So if consumer choice isn't pushing for a selection, why would a free market call for it? Imagine there are two bars and one of those bars says "30 beers on tap" and the other doesn't. You're more likely to choose it, and the other bar will have to compete in some way, often by copying. This forms trends, and people mistake this for something customers wanted. Trends are always marketing. Don't believe me? What happened to fidget spinners? So now you have a bunch of beers that no one asked for, yet will now demand. Competition creates more Capitalist Propaganda to create demand for something you never even wanted, but makes you think you do. And that's the best propaganda. You think you are thinking for yourself. This is the fallacy of consumer choice.
If you want to understand just how important that last paragraph is, consider this, "consumer choice" is the same propaganda they used to get you to carry around a device that spies on you 24/7 and sends that data to people you don't know, and you can't stop it, can you? You chose that. You wanted it. Not only that, but you paid $1,000 for the device to opt into their spying program, for the privilege of being mind controlled by the propaganda their AI selects for you. Did you read the Terms of Service? As bad as you may have thought Communist Propaganda was, Capitalist Propaganda is far better, and far stealthier. You believe you have freedom of choice. But your only choice is usually take it, or leave it. Oh, you need it for work? Maybe find a different job. Or just succumb to mass surveillance, and next year, you can drop another grand on a device with a marginally better camera.
There is a way to free yourself. You just have to understand the nature of propaganda. It took me a while, but I eventually broke free. Under Socialism, there would be laws against the exploitation of consumers. Capitalist Propaganda tells you that this takes away your freedom. This is a lie. Regulations give you the freedom to not have to worry whether the beer you're drinking has poison in it.
Germany has a lot of regulations on beer. It has the Reinheitsgebot (purity order), a law passed in 1516 that states that beer can only consist of water, hops and barley. Note, this is a different use of the word "purity" from earlier, as beer is itself a mixture of things. Historically there have also been regulations where beer could only be sold regionally, so no matter what part of Germany you were in, you only got a certain brand of beer at the bar, but it didn't matter because they all had the same ingredients. They could make wheat beers or unfiltered, but they were generally variations of pilsners and lagers. One meaning of the word "Lager" in German is "storage", meaning the beer was brewed in a way that it could be stored, allowing them to brew in bigger batches and store it.
Lagers use a more complex brewing process, so only larger breweries would make them, but this worked because of protected territories. America has a similar system, because each state has its own regulations on alcohol, but this is changing as corporate lawyers fight to homogenize the rules favorable to them, but the consumer loses control. Big brands tend to be lagers as they have general appeal to a wide audience. Did you notice this is the second time I pointed out that corporations create homogeneity? Without regulations, corporations create Fascism. That is why I tell people that we already live in the NWO but corporations rule the world instead of governments. Why do you think so few conspiracy theorists make this connection? Propagandists are paid a lot of money to keep even our small community confused about the reality of what's happening. Now, check out conspiracy and you'll see what I mean. They are spreading propaganda for the NWO over there and don't even know it. I tried to point that out and they finally banned me. Oh well. They'll figure it out in their own time.
In America, in 1978 it became legal to brew beer at home. This is what led to the explosion of new beers in the US decades later. Americans don't have purity laws, so could test new recipes. But people didn't generally like IPAs before, so how did they become so popular that they control 30% of the market? Marketing, of course. Create the market and tell people what they want.
IPA stands for India Pale Ale. It was invented by the British as an easy way to make a beer that they could drink in India. People only drank it out of necessity, as the other beers couldn't make the trip. IPAs are very easy to make and very forgiving, because if you mess it up, it already tasted bad anyway. As people started trying to get into microbrews, they often didn't have the capital to make lagers at small scale, and also wanted a simpler process so they didn't have to hire or train expert brewers, IPAs are cheap and easy to make at smaller scale.
In order to make it drinkable, brewers experimented with many different flavorings. This created a cult following of craft IPAs, where people would drive hours to stand in line for hours to try the newest concoction. The trendy nature of the craft beer world kept people training their palate to adapt to the taste of an IPA, making people start to actually like them. The flavorings made people think they were different, so even if they didn't like it, marketing tactics kept people coming back to try the latest blend. Your palate can adapt A LOT. Swedish people love Surströmming, but watch this video of Americans trying it for the first time. They tried to get me to eat it several times, but I would rather sit in a sauna until Tuesday to avoid smelling it while watching them eat it. It really smells that bad.
IPAs enticed people with popular, aromatic ingredients like bananas and pineapple. This is what I call "flavor propaganda". It's not bad in and of itself, but it can be easily misused to cover issues with quality or hide the taste of preservatives. Since we don'e have laws like Germany, you're left to rely on the knowledge and honesty of the bartender to find out. They don't make this info readily available, which is another form of Disinformation.
So if you think you actually like IPAs, just remember, you are just like a Swede eating rotten fish. A lot of propaganda went in to making IPAs popular, but it's the cheapest, easiest product to make that can be sold at the highest price, so they become popular. This is what business students call a business plan. To overcome the bad taste, IPAs were marketed as "classy" to shame you if you choose the more expensive to produce and more appealing pilsners and lagers, which were given a bad name due to being associated with major brands like Bud Light. This makes it harder to market microbrew lagers, which can only fetch a certain price due to association. And this is what is referred to as the "race to the bottom" in Capitalism.
Instead of trying to innovate ways to produce the beers you want, they just figure out how to get you to pay more for an inferior product, just like they do with BBQ. They make you think you want it. From this you can understand why "food" is full of junk that you wouldn't feed your dog. Whatever legal poison helps cheapen the product is considered "smart business", another propaganda term designed to hide the reality of doing immoral and harmful things to other humans for profit. If you make money on it, it's good. As if there aren't better choices we could come up with if there truly were a free market with an informed consumer.
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STRENGTHEN THE FREE MARKET BY BEING AN INFORMED CONSUMER
We don't need a Communist Revolution to make positive changes, so take off your ski masks and put your Antifa flags down. I like microbrew culture and still enjoy IPAs, but understanding the marketplace is how I do my part as an informed consumer and job creator to help create the world that I want to live in. I encourage you to do the same. Vote with your dollars. Don't let the Zuck-type sociopathic, corporate people in a distant land decide what you consume by looking at ads on his platform. Visit local breweries and talk to the brewmaster. Don't reinforce alienation from labor. Connect with the people who make the things you buy. Support independent entrepreneurship. These are the paths to a brighter future where we share in the abundance of wealth.
Discover Economic Enlightenment for yourself and realize that We The People are ultimately in control. Wealth inequality is greater than it was in France before the French Revolution. Don't let this train take us into the depths where another Lenin will arise and spend the night shooting people.
How you choose to spend your money today is what decides what will become the society of tomorrow. And remember, you always have the choice to buy nothing at all. I never saw a billboard that said that.
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LET THEM DRINK BEER!
I hope this gave you a glimpse behind the curtain of Capitalist Propaganda. Propaganda isn't just political, it has invaded everything and it's at full blast right now. I hope you can piece together how Capitalist Propaganda is actually designed to make you subservient by controlling what you want so they can maximize their own profit and teach you to accept whatever they offer, the homogenization of choice. However, your life is your own and you should remain in control of all aspects of it, including your desires.
Richard Wolff is an economist who studied at three elite universities in America and discusses how he was not able to even learn about Socialist Economics in the ivory tower, even though Capitalist Propaganda calls universities leftist. He found no department in America that is even willing to teach it or study it. Capitalist Propaganda censors these ideas, especially at the university. People in power don't want the serfs to learn about themselves. Check him out on YouTube. You'll realize that unchecked Capitalism leads to Fascism and Slavery, which is why they want to get rid of the minimum wage, so that we can return to sharecropping which is already increasingly happening in America under different names, like "student debt", "mortgages" and "insurance". Don't you think it's odd that a person has to go into debt so they can generate profits for corporations who really ought to be paying for this education themselves? If you have to go into debt before they'll hire you, it's much easier to negotiate against you.
If you want to see other examples of propaganda, check out this random tweet from one of America's Top Capitalist Propagandists. These are very odd pictures, and the only thing I can see in them is that they must be promoting those outfits, likely the blue dress, maybe those men's outfits as well. One thing you know is that she didn't become a billionaire by letting any single opportunity to enrich herself at the expense of others pass her by. I didn't look it up, but I am certain they sell that blue dress, or whoever does paid her to post this.
That's the main reason celebrities use social media. It's marketing. Their whole schtick is to sell garments made in a sweatshop in a foreign country by people who can't even afford a beer to Americans who are facing bankruptcy and homelessness themselves.
Read the replies of the tweet. These people have influence that vastly outsizes their understanding of their impact on the world. There are guillotines in the comments. There usually are. I'm seeing them a lot lately.
This type of propaganda is everywhere. And it's destroying America. Just like propaganda led to the demise of Nazi Germany, we could be looking at the same thing, but worse. It could start off as famine.
If you're having trouble deciding between the beers you are being offered, it's probably because you don't want anything at all, in which case the proper choice is: nothing. Or, try tap water. Maybe you're just thirsty. Now ask yourself, when you envisioned yourself at a bar, did you ever think to order water instead? Did you entertain the idea that you didn't even want a beer. That's the power of suggestion.
What if the rest of the world just cut America off from the means of production outsourced to areas with cheap labor? We would have our own famine and likely war. And if we have a revolution here, with the masses in the country being so disinformed about everything and not having any sort of class consciousness at the moment and instead stuck in alienation, the leader that rises here will likely lead to something horrifying. And we censor ourselves from pointing out the simple fact, that the only way America will survive is to tax the deluded royalty like Kim and Mark back to reality, so they can't indulge their reckless, childish delusions by selling off the very fabric of our nation to the highest bidder.
That doesn't make me a Socialist, that just makes me honest.
Enjoy your beer!
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Thanks for reading and I hope I helped you understand how you can empower yourself. I'm excited about the one I wrote for Election Day tomorrow to keep our NOPOL spirits up while all the politics clouds the airwaves. Cheers!

DraftKings (NASDAQ: DKNG) - Deep Dive Research - Part 1

TL:DR

This is Part 1 of my two part deep dive on DraftKings (Ticker: DKNG, I will refer to the company as “DK”)
This first part introduces you to (1) me, (2) the company, (3) my thesis on the company, and (4) digs into how they make money.
The second part (already released, you can read it here - but get through part 1 first :) ) will go in depth to explore the question “Can we 10x from here?”
DK is an exciting, disruptive company working to change how we experience watching sports and make it better.
I am not a financial advisor and this is not investment advice. These are just my opinions to help facilitate learning and discussion.

Hello, welcome to my first deep dive write up.
My name’s Mark and I’m an accountant with a passion for investing. About two years ago, I used to work as an auditor at a public accounting firm and have been behind the scenes at many different publicly traded and privately held companies in the U.S. My goal is to bring my unique perspective from that past experience, my current experience working in a new role at a large corporation, and my understanding of accounting to help break down some of the most exciting growth stocks on the market today.
I’m a long-term investor. I am focused on finding great companies and holding them for a long time. I’m willing to endure volatility, crazy price drops, and everything that comes with this approach as long as the facts that led me to originally invest and believe in that company have not changed. If you want to learn more about this approach. I recommend reading the book “100 Baggers” by Chris Mayer.
Introduction
I think it’s fitting that my first stock pick has to do with sports. Sports has been a part of my life since I could walk at the age of 2. First with baseball and soccer, and then later in my childhood with golf. I’ve always played American football and basketball for fun as well and have always been an avid fan of all the major sports in the US.
I started playing fantasy sports (mostly just fantasy football) about 6 years ago and have always enjoyed it. Traditionally, with fantasy football you draft a team at the beginning of the year and those are your players for the rest of the season. If you have a bad draft, oh well. You can try to improve your team with trades and free agent additions but it is tough. Leagues usually consist of 10-14 teams (each managed by an individual) and there’s obviously only one winner at the end of the season (about 4 months after the draft). This can lead to the managers of the lower performing teams losing interest as the season wanes on. I believe DraftKings’ (DK) founders saw this issue and saw an opportunity. Enter, daily fantasy sports. Now, with the DK platform you can draft a new team every week. Or if you want, every day. This allows fans of fantasy sports to engage at whichever point of the season they want and at varying financial stakes.
The Thesis Statement
For every stock pick I make, I want to provide a quick thesis statement that can serve as a reminder for why I’m buying and holding that stock for the long term. I’ll always aim to make it just a few sentences long so it can easily be remembered and internalized. This helps during times when the price may sporadically drop and you need to remember why you’re holding this position.
The thesis statement I have come up with for DK is as follows:
“DraftKings: The leader in allowing fans to engage financially with their favorite sports, teams, and players. Having money at stake makes the game a lot more interesting to watch. The era of daily fantasy sports games, online sports betting, and online betting (outside of sports), is just getting started and DK is as well positioned (or better positioned) than anyone to capitalize off of this trend.”
Notice how I said “allowing fans to engage financially” as the first sentence and not necessarily “allowing fans to gamble”. There’s a reason for that. According to US Federal Law, Daily Fantasy Sports (DFS) contests have specifically been exempted from the prohibitions of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA). DK has always been, and I believe will continue to be DFS contests 1st, sports betting 2nd, and other forms of gambling/entertainment 3rd. It is noteworthy that states at an individual level can still deem DFS contests illegal if they so wish, but as of this writing (11/26/20), 43 of the 50 US States allow DFS contests and DK, accordingly, is offering DFS contests in all 43 of those US States.
I’ll try to clarify the difference between DFS contests and sports betting real quick:
DFS Contest – Pay a pre-set entry fee to enter a contest. All entry fees go towards “The Pot”. “Draft” 9 players to be on your “Team” for 1 week. Enter your “Roster” into a contest with other players (could range from 1 other person to 1,000s of people, the DK user can choose). Whichever “Roster” amasses the most points for that week out of all contestants wins. The winner will get the highest payout, and depending on the nature of the contest, other top finishers will receive smaller payouts as well.
Sports Gambling – Team A is considered a 10 point favorite to defeat Team B. This means that Team A is expected, by the professional gambling line setters, to outscore Team B by 10 points. This is known as a point spread. You can bet on the underdog or the favorite. If you bet on the favorite, they have to win by more than 10 points for you to win the bet. If you bet on the underdog, you will win the bet as long as the underdog keeps the game within less than a 10 point defeat.
These are just a couple simple examples to help you see the difference. Sports Gambling (the 2nd priority of DK) is a very lucrative market just as the DFS contests are. However, in the US, Federal Laws and regulations are a lot stricter on Sports Gambling than they are on DFS. As of this writing (11/27/20), 22 states (including the District of Columbia) out of 51 possible allow sports gambling.
DK is still in the infancy stages of getting their sports gambling business going. In the 22 states where they could potentially operate, they currently have a sports gambling offering in 11 of those states. The sports gambling business model for DK can be broken into two main offerings – mobile sports betting, and retail sports betting. Mobile sports betting means you can place a sports bet online from the comfort of your own home, while retail sports betting means you must go to a casino and place a bet with the sportsbook in person. I personally believe mobile sports betting is the real potential cash cow for DK out of the two types of sports betting offerings due to the convenience and ease of access. DK is currently working on and encouraging customers to lobby their state lawmakers to legalize sports gambling in more states.
How DK makes money
At the very least, before you invest in a company, you better understand how they make money. In Chris Mayers’ excellent book, 100 Baggers, that I mentioned above, he continually references top line revenue growth as one of the main common indicators of a possible 100 Bagger. This isn’t to tell you that any stock I pick will be a 100 Bagger just because it has great top line revenue growth, but if I am looking at a growth stock to hold for the long term, revenue growth is one of the first things I look at.
For DK, their means of making money is quite simple. I already went into detail above about DFS Contests and Sports Gambling. In DK’s latest 10-Q filing with the SEC (filed 11/13/20), revenue is broken out into two main streams: Online Gaming and Gaming Software.
Online Gaming (82% of Total Revenue for 9 months ended 9/30/20):
Online gaming is the true core business of DK and includes the aforementioned DFS Contests, Sports Gambling and additional gambling (non-sports) opportunities. DK refers to their additional gambling (non-sports) as “iGaming” or “online casino”.
For the 9 months ended 9/30/20, Online Gaming revenue totaled $239M, up 30% YoY from $184M in the same prior year period. Keep in mind, that this is an increase that happened during a COVID-19 global pandemic that delayed and shortened many professional sports seasons.
Online gaming revenue is earned in a few ways that are slightly different, but very similar overall. In order to enter a DFS contest, a customer must pay an entry fee. DFS revenue is generated from these entry fees collected, net of prize payouts and customer incentives awarded to users. In order to place a sports bet (sports gambling), a customer places a wager with a DK Sportsbook. The DK Sportsbook sets odds for each wager that builds in a theoretical margin allowing DK to profit. Sports gambling revenue is generated from wagers collected from customers, net of payouts and incentives awarded to winning customers. The last form of online gaming revenue is earned in similar fashion to a land-based casino, offering online versions of casino games such as blackjack, roulette, and slot machines.
Gaming Software (18% of Total Revenue for 9 months ended 9/30/20):
While the Online Gaming revenue stream mentioned above is a Business to Consumer (B2C) model, the Gaming Software revenue stream is a Business to Business (B2B) model. The Gaming Software side of the business was born out of the acquisition of SBTech, a company from the Isle of Man (near the UK) founded in 2007 that has 12+ years of experience providing online sports betting platforms to clients all over the world. The acquisition occurred as part of the SPAC driven IPO in April of 2020 that combined “the old DK company” with SBTech so that they now are “the new DK company” listed as DKNG on the NASDAQ. SBTech is a far more important part of the story than just being 18% of today’s revenue. The reason for this is because DK will eventually (planned mid-late 2021) be migrating all of their DFS and gambling offerings onto SBTech’s online platforms. Currently, for DFS, DK uses their own proprietary platform but that will move to SBTech with the migration. Currently, for online gambling, DK uses Kambi, the same online gambling platform that services Penn Gaming (PENN), a DK rival. But that’s enough about the software migration for now, back to the Gaming Software revenue.
The Gaming Software revenue stream for DK is essentially a continuation of SBTechs’ B2B business model. DK contracts with business customers to provide sports and casino betting software solutions. DK typically enters two different type of arrangements with B2B customers when selling the gaming software:

Direct Customer Contract Revenue: In this type of transaction, the software is sold directly to a business (casino for example) that wants to use the software for their own gambling operations. This revenue is generally calculated as a percentage of the wagering revenue generated by the business customer using DK’s software and is recognized in the periods in which those wagering and related activities conclude.
Reseller Arrangement Revenue: In this type of transaction, DK provides distributors with the right to resell DK’s software-as-a-service offering to their clients, using their own infrastructure. In reseller arrangements, revenue is generally calculated via a fixed monthly fee and an additional monthly fee which varies based on the number of gaming operators to whom each reseller sub-licenses DK’s software.

As mentioned above, SBTech was an international company based in the Isle of Man before being acquired by DK. Thus, the majority of their business in their first 12 years of operating independently has always been international and outside of the United States. This has helped DK, which has historically been US focused, expand it’s international reach.
A perfect example of expanding this international reach occurred recently during October (technically Q4) in which DK’s B2B technology (powered by SBTech) helped enable the launch of “PalaceBet”, a new mobile and online sportsbook offering from Peermont, a South Africa based resort and casino company. The deal was headed by DK’s new Chief International Officer, Shay Berka, who previously spent 10 years working for SBTech as CFO and General Manager. Mr. Berka took on the role of DK’s Chief International Officer upon the merger in April earlier this year. I think this deal shows that DK has integrated SBTech and it’s business very well into the larger business as a whole. They are not wasting any time using their newly acquired resources to expand their reach and bring in new sources of revenue.
This is the end of my first article about DK. My goal is to drop Part 2 later this week. The focus of Part 2 will be an in depth answer of the question – “Can we 10x from here?”
Disclosure: I am/we are long DKNG. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it. I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

DraftKings (NASDAQ: DKNG) - Deep Dive Research - Part 1

TL:DR

This is Part 1 of my two part deep dive on DraftKings (Ticker: DKNG, I will refer to the company as “DK”)
This first part introduces you to (1) me, (2) the company, (3) my thesis on the company, and (4) digs into how they make money.
The second part (to be released later this week) will go in depth to explore the question “Can we 10x from here?”
DK is an exciting, disruptive company working to change how we experience watching sports and make it better.
I am not a financial advisor and this is not investment advice. These are just my opinions to help facilitate learning and discussion.

Direct Customer Contract Revenue: In this type of transaction, the software is sold directly to a business (casino for example) that wants to use the software for their own gambling operations. This revenue is generally calculated as a percentage of the wagering revenue generated by the business customer using DK’s software and is recognized in the periods in which those wagering and related activities conclude.
Reseller Arrangement Revenue: In this type of transaction, DK provides distributors with the right to resell DK’s software-as-a-service offering to their clients, using their own infrastructure. In reseller arrangements, revenue is generally calculated via a fixed monthly fee and an additional monthly fee which varies based on the number of gaming operators to whom each reseller sub-licenses DK’s software.

[Table] I am Dave Plummer, author of Windows Task Manager, Zip Folders, and worked on Space Cadet Pinball, Media Center, Windows Shell, MS-DOS, OLE32, WPA, and more. (pt 1/2)

Source
Note: Based on observing question-taker's profile, he is still taking answers, so two parts may or may not completely summarize the AMA.

Questions	Answers
Space Cadet Pinball, how does it feel to be the most played "bring your child to work day" game? I remember it fondly.	The best part is that I used to "teach" computer lab when my kids were in K through 6th grades, back when Pinball was still included and well known. The kids could care less about anything technically hard or interesting that I'd worked on, of course, but Pinball gave me instant street cred with them.
	Especially cool was being able to walk over and enter a secret code that only I knew that would turn on all the cheats, like infinite lives. They thought I was a wizard at that age!
	The code, by the way, is "hidden test" without the quotes! Then various keys do different things, you can click and drag the ball around, and so on. Google it for the gory details!
	I always like to point out that I was working with a full set of original IP from Maxis, so I had nothing to do with the design of the game, or it's art, etc... that was all done! My contribution was volunteering to port it, including a partial rewrite from asm to C, to work on MIPS, Alpha, PowerPC, IA64, ARM, and so on, which was actually a lot of work. But I got it into the Windows box, which is how and why everyone knows it today. But all credit for the gameplay and so on goes to Maxis, all I did was not screw it up in that case!
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To add a bit of detail re Space Cadet Pinball: we built Space Cadet originally at my company Cinematronics and did a deal with Microsoft to ship it with the Plus Pack that accompanied Win 95 and Win 98. While it technically didn't ship w/ Windows, the Plus Pack had something like a 25% attach rate and pinball wound up on most systems anyway. Microsoft actually had an option in our original contract from 1994 to ship it with the OS itself or the Plus Pack. Maxis was our publisher for the subsequent retail version, and later bought my company. More germane to this thread: I believe Dave's port entered the picture a few years later, after Win 98, and was likely critical to pinball continuing to ship on later iterations of the Windows OS (i.e. 32-bit). I definitely appreciate the time he put in to give the game extra years of life on the Windows platform. Kevin Gliner, game designer and producer for 3D Pinball, and co-founder of Cinematronics.	Pleased to FINALLY put a name to the game design! You should update the Wikipedia article for the game, as I think it lists Matt Ridgway, who might have been sound? I've been crediting Maxis for years, not knowing the role of Cinematronics who was who. One thing that confused me: wasn't there a company that did video games in the 80s called Cinematronics? Any relation? Star Castle, Armor Attack, etc...
	As for timing, this likely between the Win95 and Win98 Plus! packs. It was very early on at least, and shipped at least in NT4, and perhaps earlier in "SUR" release that ran atop NT 3.51, but I don't have access to any source files to check dates!
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I keep meaning to fix that wikipedia article, there's a significant number of people that worked on the game and for some reason only Matt (an independent sound guy who did some excellent part-time contract work for us) is listed. There's also a lot of confusion about the timing of various releases and the companies involved, and who owns it now (EA). I actually have all the original source, although no rights to any of it anymore. Hard to say on the timing of the port. I was working in Redmond in '99 when I got word someone had done an NT4 and Win2000 port (I'm assuming that was you), so that was the first time the port showed up on my radar. I have a more confident memory (and contracts, email, etc) of all the events related to how pinball came about and the first couple years after it was released. I like to think pinball was the very first Win95 game (it was fun to watch Gates and Leno pretend to play it on stage at the Win95 launch event), but of course there were other games that shipped with the launch too. You're correct, there was an 80s arcade game company called Cinematronics that went out of business long before we started in 1994, and someone had let the trademark lapse. How we came to be called Cinematronics is a long story for another time...	NT shipped in 96, so the version I did for it would have been done in 95. I remember working on it about the time Win9X was shipping or in late beta. I could be wrong on that part, but Nov 95 would be my guess.
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Damn dude, porting assembly? You are a legend!	Thanks - we actually did all of our debugging in assembler. We didn't have any source-level or line-level debugging at all (except as noted below). So you'd connect to a machine through an ssh-like tool and then, if the symbols were right, you could get a callstack and inspect memory, disassemble functions, and so on. But since we spent much of our day staring at assembly, I became reasonably adept at it.
	I say "reasonably" as I was lazy enough that I would compile the components of interest to me with Visual Studio PDB symbols so that, if I could repro on my own machine, I could then source-level debug it. That made me fast at some stuff that others were slow at, but I likely never got as proficient at asm debugging as someone who never had an alternative. I had a developer friend named Bob whom was an ntsd (our debugger) superstar, and he'd write expressions inside of breakpoints to fire conditionally, that kind of thing. So I did learn that trick, but I'm sure there were dozens I just never knew.
	That all said, we rarely if ever coded in assembly. All coding was in C/C++.
	In the Pinball case, parts of the original were written in hand-coded in asm by Maxis, like the sound engine, and wouldn't have had a hope of working on anything but an x86. Rather than be lame and not have sound on the RISC platforms, I opted to rewrite that stuff in C so that it was portable.
	The RISC platforms also bring their own set of problems like 32-bit alignment for data. And being on Windows NT (now just "Windows") meant being Unicode, but fortunately there isn't a TON of text in a pinball game!
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boytekka: damn, the only time that I did assembly language is when we tried moving a small machine through the printer port.. I miss those days LordApocalyptica: Only time I did assembly was when I wanted to make a game on my TI-84, and decided that I didn't want to. I miss those days too.	First game I wrote in assembly I did in a machine language monitor on my C64. You can't (easily) relocate 6502 so to add code you'd have to jump out, do stuff, and jump back... Crazy!
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If I can ask a question, how does it feels to go from coding with basically zero help to working with modern IDE and code editors that give you a lot of infos, tips, error notifications and so on? I've started programming like a year ago from zero, and I don't think I could be able to program like y'all did 20 years ago or more. Thanks for doing this AMA anyways!	You're very welcome! The progression in tools has been amazing, really. I remember HESMON and my first machine language monitors for the PET and C64, then really nice ROM dev environments, and CygnusEd for the Amiga... all the way up to PlatformIO and Visual Studio Code.
	My most recent "WOW" moment was adding a line to my lib_deps line in platformio, which magically included the library being developed at the URL on github. So you can link to online projects... cool.
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Just wanted to say thanks for the Alpha port!	Alpha AXP was by far the hardest to debug! "Branch later, maybe"
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I just want to thank you for my first experience with pinball. I am now a top 100 competitive pinball player and own 16 pinball machines.	That's cool, which do you collect primarily? I was always a fan of Williams, and am FB friends with a couple of their older devs like Steve Ritchie, Larry DeMar, and Eugene Jarvis (but I should be careful, Bill Gates warned me never to name drop :-) )
	I have a Black Knight 2000 as my own machine right now!
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I have a wide range. Some modern Sterns like Metallica, Jurassic Park, Tron and Iron Maiden. Older Bally’s like Frontier and Fathom. 2 classic Bally/Williams Dr Who and Attack From Mars. Plus a few EMs. I like them all! Attack From Mars was the game that got me into the physical world of pinball. Collecting has been more of a recent pandemic thing since I can’t go out and play. I miss traveling around the country playing in big tournaments. Oh yeah and Steve Ritchie is quite the character. You must meet him some day. I’ve met him a few times and each time has earned a place in my pinball stories I talk about with friends.	Congrats on the collection, that's a nice set! I've never met Steve - I did meet Larry DeMar in vegas. I was playing at a slot machine and he was next to me, and had a name tag, and I was like... "Excuse me sir, but does the word Robotron mean anything?" and it turned out to be him!
Asking as someone pretty new in software development, did you experience impostor syndrome? If so, how did you deal with it?	My first couple of years were very productive, so I wasn't insecure about my output, but even so I definitely experienced imposter syndrome. I think most people who achieve aspirational roles do... I have a friend who was in the NFL who describes the same feeling.
	Being as productive as your peers is sort of the pre-requisite, and if that's true, then remind yourself that when you were in fifth grade, the eighth graders on the playground seemed so old and mature! It's odd in that I started in 1993, but to me anyone who started in the 80s was a "true" Old Timer and remains so in my head to this day. And similarly I'm no doubt the grizzled veteran to people I hired a few years later.
	I know when I started I felt like the dumbest guy in the room, and by the end I felt like the smartest guy in the room, and I don't think I'd gotten any smarter along the way. So it's all relative and perception. Well, that and the stock caused some serious attrition of the "really smart"!
	I remember visiting Google a couple of years ago in the bathrooms they had posters that read "YOU ARE NOT AN IMPOSTER", and info about seminars and so on about it, so it's very common! I wish I had a concrete strategy for you, but I don't other than "It's commonplace, and I bet there are a ton of resources on the Web. Don't be surprised you're experiencing it!"
What would you encourage someone to start learning today related to your field?	I'm learning React at the moment. Let's face it, the web development experience is utter nonsense. So I kept hoping for something that would make it clean, and easy to make components, and to work with REST apis. So I went looking for a solution. Then I read about Angular, and it seemed like "too much" to learn for the sake of making a SPA.
	But React seems understandable enough and solves a ton of problems with web development, not the least of which is being able to intermingle HTML and Javascript (via JSX).
	As for languages, I'd probably start with Python. I prototyped a complicated LED system a couple of years ago and it was admirable what it could accomplish for an interpreted language. And you probably have to know modern Javascript as well.
Now, would you be rather interested in working for windows, macos or linux ?	I work in all three. For my own projects I write to the ASP.NET Core 3.1, and that's available on Windows, Mac, and Linux. I originally wrote my LED server to it under MacOS, then moved it to Windows with about 5 minutes of changes (related to the consoles being somewhat different). Then I moved it to Linux, where I made it work and then containerized it with Docker. I got it up and running on my Raspberry Pi and in a Windows HyperV and under WSL using Ubuntu. To me that kind of stuff is super cool.
	Once I had it working in a Docker container I deployed it to my Synology NAS, which is some variant of Linux. So my NAS runs my Christmas lights!
	I love stuff like that when it works!
	My main workstation is a Dell monitor that has an internal KVM. I have a 2013 Mac Pro connected to it, which is maxed out and then has an eGPU and eRAID setup via Thunderbolt. And then I have a 3970X Windows PC connected as well, and I can jump back and forth with a button.
	I spend most of my day in Windows now, unless it's video related, in which case I use Final Cut Pro.
Hi Dave, thanks for the AmA! In regards to task manager - often times I have to click the 'end task' button more than once to get the frozen program to actually close. Why is this? Thanks again.	Remember that, at least in my day, End Task is different than End Process. The former sends a "Please close yourself" message to the app, and if it's hung, it should then detect it and so on, but doesn't always. Imagine the app is in a weird state where it's still pumping messages, it's not hung, but it's broken. End Task likely won't work.
	That's when you need End Process, which tears everything down for you. The substantive difference is that the program gets no choice in the matter and no notification. End Task can be graceful. End Process is brutal.
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What about when the task manager stops responding? We need a task manager manager to manage the task manager. Lol	I've never seen that happen, ever, unless the system itself or the window manager is bunged in some way. Your puny Task Manager cannot save you now.
	Then again, nothing can, save a reboot.
What cool new tech are you excited about?	Right now I'm actually trying to productize something of my own, a system for doing hidden, permanently-installed LED holiday lighting. It receives the effect entirely over WiFi, or it can fall back to built-in effects and so on. Quick demo from 4th of July here:
	https://youtu.be/7QNtj2hZtaQ
	I'm done the software on the ESP32 and on the desktop, and working on the phone app now. So the next step is to find someone to manufacture the actual addressable LED strip fixtures. They'd be like under-counter LED strips that snap together end to end, but weatherproof, and with WS2813 LEDs internally.
	In terms of stuff that I'm just benefitting from, the latest CPUs from AMD are amazing. I have the 32-core 3970X and the raw computing power is hard to comprehend. That you can buy a 32-core chip for $2K (or 64-core for $4K) amazes me! Now I need to learn AI or something to make use of all of that hardware...
After the rise of WinRAR, did you continue to use the trial or did you pay?	From: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
	Sent: Saturday, April 29, 2006 3:14 PM
	To: Dave
	Subject: Your BuyRAR.com Order #: 122229610 License Key

	Attachments: rarkey.rar
	My WinRAR order number, from about 15 years ago, is above. And my WinZip license is much older than that. As someone who (a) made their real living in shareware and (b) worked on Product Activation, I'm the kind of guy who always licenses everything! You'll notice in my PlatformIO/"Arduino" video I even walk people through how to contribute to show how easy it is. I love good, cheap software.
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Would you download a car?	My wife's Tesla downloads update all the time. I'm sure they're just as complex as the mechanical components of the car, so in a sense, we already do!
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But... why did you keep the email?	I have a folder on my OneDrive called Registrations where I keep copies of license keys and registrations. So it was handy. Looks like Telix is my oldest registration from 1989 or so.
Also what was Microsoft really like back in the 90s? As a user of MS-Dos 3.30 forward till now. I’m assuming there has just been a whole tide of changes. Was double space really as funny on the dev side as it was on the user side with the slowness and the pufferfish as a logo :)	I worked on Doublespace in that I wrote a thunking layer that could live in low memory and then moved the rest of the code into the HMA. I didn't work on the compression, but odds are the guy who did is reading along right now, I bet!
	I don't really know if it was faster or slower than its contemporaries like Stacker. I wrote one for the Amiga, though didn't get it quite finished before starting at MS, and it's an interesting and hard problem to do well. At least on the AmigaDOS it was, FAT would be a tad easier.
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I mean for its time it was great. But back then floppy disks and 10M RLL-MFM drives were more the norm. It was actually awesome to have it included IN the OS instead of having to buy stacker. I think this is why I get so much of a kick out of every phishing AD that says download this to double your RAM. It just takes me back.	RAM Doublers are a whole 'nother ball of wax. Raymond Chen, in his blog "The Old New Thing", covers them well. If I understand it correctly, in the most famous case the code to do the actual memory compression was disabled, so it literally did nothing, but did it with overhead.
	On the other hand, I note that current Windows, the HyperV, and even my Synology NAS offer "Memory Compression" now so perhaps there's a time and a place on modern cpus and systems.
I'm an Engineer and regularly use MS Office to produce reports and calculations. Subscript and Superscript are something I use all the time. For at least the last 15 years, in MS Word I can hit "Ctrl +" & "Ctrl Shift +" to make the highlighted text Subscript or Superscript. But MS Word sucks for calculations, so I use MS Excel. But MS Excel it's about 8 clicks to make something super or subscript, and the hotkey technology hasn't made it in. So my question is, why was MS Office 2003 the best version of office that was ever produced?	I retired in 2003. Coincidence? I'll leave that one up to the scholars.
If you could go back and change anything about Windows without consequences or worrying about backwards compatibility, what would it be?	Format! I wrote that and since I was used to using the Visual Studio Resource Editor for dialogs, but couldn't in this case, I just laid out a stack of buttons and labels, content in the knowledge that a Program Manager or Designer would come up with a proper design for it that I would then code up. But somehow, no one did, and no one has for 25 years! So it's a big tall stack of buttons like a prairie grain elevator.
Ever met Bill Gates or have an interesting personal experience with him or another higher up you can share?	Yes, even when I was a new college hire he had the 30 of us or so over for beer and a burger in his back yard. It was a nice touch and quite informal. Obviously, at some scale, it wasn't 30 people anymore and they couldn't continue it!
	Ever play the video game Star Castle? It was like that. Concentric circles of people standing around BillG each armed with what they hope is a question or comment so clever they'll stand out in some way!
If every software you need would be available for both systems. Would you use a Linux distribution or Windows 10?	Right now I'd use Windows 10 because, if the same client software is available, I'd do it on Windows simply because I have a new 3970X w/ 128G of RAM and triple RAID0 SSDs plus an Optane stick. All for about 1/10th the price of a Mac Pro. Since the hardware is so cheap and powerful, it's really hard to resist.
	Even if all the client software were magically available, or Parallels for Linux were a thing, I'd stick with Windows because I haven't seen a Linux UI that I really like. I know everyone has a favorite... if there's an actually good and attractive one that works out of the box, let me know what distro, and maybe link a screenshot!
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Give Mint 20 with Cinnamon a fair shot! I have struggled for years trying to like a Linux distro but never found one that felt and looked right which I think had been the reason Linux hasn't been adopted mainstream but Mint20 with Cinnamon is possibly it..if not its very very close.. Has awesome multi-desltop winodws feature and you can make it basically just like Win10.. Would love to know what you think of it! 20.1 BETA just dropped and has a super interesting feature called Web Apps that needs to be checked out asap! Heres a link to the 20 long term support version.. some people do not like the Minto Logos/Backgrounds out of the box..keep in mind there are a ton of nice ones included and many more you can get quickly if that's something you don't like..what is really neat is that you can make Mint20 look like any OS.. there are themes that make it exactly like MacOS I just have not personally tried those out yet. https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3928	Thanks, I'll check out Mint!
I am looking at my copy of Douglas Coupland's "microserfs". Although it's fiction, do you think it resembles the Microsoft Culture of the time?	Lord no, that book bugged me. On the one hand, they're a bunch of pretentious and precocious, annoying kids. I worked on a team (NT) where the tone was set by Dave Cutler and the guys he brought over from Digital, so it was rather different. On the other hand, it's such a big company that odds are those four main people DID exist somewhere in the company. Just not around me!
Why was (is) a monolithic registry preferred over distributing the settings in a number of files like Unix? Why did windows remain single-user focused for so long when Unix was multi-user since the 70s? In my understanding, if there is just one user, that user has to be admin which opened Windows up to security issues. (I don't even recall any sudo-like privilege escalation in pre-XP Windows.)	Windows NT was multiluser from birth. And there's nothing about the Windows architecture that requires users to be admin; the reality, I think, is that most apps started out in Win95 land and just didn't work if they were run as non-admin, so people ran as admin because the apps required it.
	We couldn't just break all those apps and say "Oh well, get better apps" so what you got was a convention of people running as admin. But again, there's no need to. Same as Unix.
	The one exception is that under Unix it's easy to sudo and so admin work briefly. I wish Windows had (or exposed) a simpler mechanism for letting me run as a non-admin credential and escalate when needed. I know UAC does the same thing, more or less, if used cautiously.
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Yeah NT did eventually get around to fixing it. My question was really about the earlier systems, because I think you said you worked on MS-DOS? Since there were existing systems with multi-user and privilege escalation even before the first Windows, somebody must have made a conscious decision to not include that functionality.	MS-DOS was only the second or third OS I can think of for a Microprocessor (CPM, SCP, then MS-DOS). What existed for mainframes and minis didn't matter much in the memory limits available on the desktop.
What was the inspiration for Space Cadet Pinball and what is your high score?	I don't know, I wasn't the designer, the inspiration part happened separate, I provided the perspiration part! I was actually pretty good at the game, since I was literally paid to play and test it... but I don't know the score, sorry! I do have the world high score on Tempest, though! But not Pinball :-)
1. What's something super useful within Task Manager you think even seasoned Windows users don't know they can do? 2. What do you think a future version of Task Manager should be able to do?	I think CTRL_SHIFT_ESC is a surprise to a lot of people!
	I think Task Manager needs Dark Mode, and a way to show who has locked what file or device so you can kill the offender when needed.
Why is it that I can still find dialogs in Windows 10 that were clearly built using 16 bit Visual Studio 97 version?	This should explain it. When you achieve perfection, you leave it alone:
	https://youtu.be/l75a8CvIHBQ
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Please for the love of God, use your Microsoft contacts to stop the snipping tool from going away. It's literally perfect but they keep trying to discontinue it.	One Compound Word: SnagIt. It's what you need to make your life complete.
	After my time, but I heard the new snipping and history that's being built in to replace it is pretty good. It better be if they kill snipping tool!
Thanks for task manager! I use it for so many things. How do you feel about newer versions of Windows de-emphasizing the control panel in favor of their new settings app?	I'm all for it if they made sure they had 100% coverage of all settings. It's sort of weird that in this day and age, with an R&D budget in the billions, we still have a mix of new control panel and old property pages. But I like the new stuff if it covered all cases!
Hello Dave! Why does Windows have such a rough time transferring a lot of small files? Is it a limitation of NTFS?	It's not Windows, it's all operating systems. Part of it is filesystem related:
	Imagine copying a file takes 200ms of overhead plus 10ms per MB. Coping 100M of large files will take 200ms + 1000ms = 1.2 seconds.
	Now imagine you have 100M of 1M files. Now you have 100*200ms + 1000ms = 20000ms or 20 seconds. 20 times as long for the same amount of data.
Did you ever get a chance to work in/on OS/2? I stuck with OS/2 until 2005/2006, before moving onto Linux, and would love to hear any opinions and stories you might have.	I didn't! I used OS/2 a bit but never had a chance to work on it. Many of the people I worked with did, though... but if OS/2 were Kevin Bacon, I'm one degree removed.
I had waited more than 20 years to ask this... What the fuck is Trumpet Winsock?	That's what you need to use TCP/IP on Windows before it was included in Windows. You're welcome.
What was the idea behind having "generic" activation keys starting in Windows XP that would activate any version, it was said they were for [educational purposes], did Microsoft provide them to 501c3/non-profit schools, or was there a different reasoning?	I'm not sure what you mean by "generic". I remember retail and oem, but what was a generic key?
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There was a set of keys that became public knowledge partway through XP life that appeared to activate unlimited machines as valid, though added a banner "For Educational Purposes Only". I remember trying it back in the day and always wondered what the intention was that was important enough the key activations were never blocked. [I did have multiple legal keys, but curiosity killed the cat and I had to swap one to the "educational" key to see for myself, lol]	I don't actually know! But I can surmise that if it was displaying a banner down in the bottom right corner of the screen, it knew it was not licensed and was likely limited or time-limited in some way. Unless you could actually ACTIVATE them with that key, which would surprise me.
How does OLE still work? I can't think of anything else that complex and old that still runs. We've got a legacy piece in our application that uses it and I can build against it using .net 4.0, in an Azure pipeline and deploy to windows 10 hosts and a piece of 90s technology still works perfectly. How and why?	It was complex, but pretty well written and very well tested. That's not to say there aren't a lot of bugs outside the common case codepaths, but I bet if Office used it, it's pretty solid, and will be forever.
Other than your personal phone number, did any Easter eggs make it to general availability?	There was one in the Win9X shell, but I think we removed it for Windows XP and later. So not that I'm aware of!
Have you ever wanted to make a "sequel" to Space Cadet?	There are actually two other tables available in the original Maxis game that should work, in theory, but I think Space Cadet was the best of the 3, so...
Were there ever any 3rd party edit/change to shell that made you think, "Why didn't we think of that?"	Not offhand, but "Stacks" on MacOS where it tries to rescue your mess by grouping things by filetype (Images, Docs, etc) is pretty clever. So that's something I wish we'd though of!
Have you worked at all with Bryce Cogswell and Mark Russinovich?? Also, what was your initial response to Process Explorer /the Sysinternals stuff??	No, but the SysInternal guys are geniuses of the highest order, so far as I'm concerned (and I say that based on their products, no knowing them). They know their stuff.
What are your best/oddest purchases you were able to justify as a work expense (for example, were you able to get MS to buy pinball machines as an R&D cost)?	I had DirecTv in my office! I was working on the Media Center prototype and we couldn't get cable on campus, so I got the dish installed on the roof, etc....
	I had a Tempest machine in my Office but at my own expense. I started right around the days of the "shrimp vs weenies" memo, so they were pretty cost conscious.
Is it true that you and Dave Cutler got into a knife fight over a hand of poker gone bad?	A broken bottle is not a knife.
Was DoubleSpace stolen from Stacker?	No. As I understand it, DoubleSpace was licensed from an Israeli developer. Then I heard that Stacker had somehow been awarded a patent on using a hash table in compression, which sounds pretty ludicrous if true. There was a trial, and even though it revolved around hash tables and math and compression engines, and no one on the jury had been to college, as I heard it. So the big guy lost. That's the story I heard, your mileage may vary. I'm not a spokesman, etc.
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MS-DOS 6.21, the most useless version. I remember writing an extra "2" on my 6.2 OEM disks when the update came out (no point wasting disks).	You say "useless", I say "canonical".
	I think I actually worked on 6.22, not sure. It was 6.2 something. In terms of usefulness, the features I added to it personally were:
	- Moving Doublespace to HMA to free up a lot of low mem, as noted
	- Giving Diskcopy ability to do it in a single pass with no swaps
	- I wrote a new version of Smartdrv that added CD-ROM support
	- I wrote a special version of Setup that worked via deltas and put everything on a single floppy (no point wasting disks).
	Mind you, I was just a summer intern when I did that, and it took me about 3 months.
What are your favorite DOS command-line tricks that still work in Windows 10?	doskey!
What actually happens if someone deletes Win32?	Human sacrifice, cats and dogs living together, mass hysteria. Do not attempt.
Did Bill ever swing by your cubicle and tell you'd he'd take your assignment home and finish it in a weekend if you didn't hurry up?	Cubicle? It was the 90s at Microsoft! I had a corner office with a table, chairs, a Tempest machine, and a sofabed.
What is the best project you worked on or had friends work on that was canceled, that you would revive if you had the resources?	Windows Media Center, I'd say! And I wish they'd done a great AutoPC that the OEMs could have licensed and made common to most cars.
There has been a lot of hate on Windows / Microsoft from the Unix / Linux advocates. What are some narratives that you disagree / don't think are true?	I used to love the Amiga, so I know what it's like to feel a sense of advocacy for a platform that you feel is superior but overlooked in the marketplace.
	I think the most untrue narrative I've heard about them is that they all have neckbeards. I think it's only "most", not all.
How do you introduce yourself at parties?	"Does anyone here know how to update my Groove subscription on my Zune?"
What OS are you using now? What's your favorite OS of all time? What's the worst OS of all time? What's the worst Microsoft OS (if different)?	The best OS of all time was Windows NT 4.0 with the Shell Update Release.
	The worst OS of all time was the TRS-80 Model 1, Level 1 DOS that didn't have the keyboard debounce code in ROM yet so you couldn't even type on the thing.
[deleted]	No, I never put a true easter egg in anything. Especially in an operating system, I don't believe in them. You have to be able to trust the OS, and I think it goes against that.
How did you get started in this specific field?	I first wandered into a Radio Shack store in about 1979 when I was 11, where I saw my very first computer. It was not connected yet, as the staff had not figured out how to set it up yet. Being somewhat precocious, I asked if I might play with it if I could manage to set it up. On a lark they said, “Sure kid, have a shot”, and ten minutes or so later I had it up and running. This endeared me to the manager, Brian, enough that every Thursday night and Saturday morning I would ride my bike down to the store: I’d type in my crude BASIC programs and they were kind enough to indulge my incessant free tinkering on their expensive computer. So that's pretty much how I started!
Do you ever have moments where you’re like “they have it so easy nowadays” or do you think that because of the groundwork put in place 30 years ago that systems have become exponentially more complex?	Only when someone spools up an entire docker instance to pipe something to it on the command line... then it's like "Really? You're basically booting a virtual computer as a command?"
What's the best C++ expert tip you can share for fellow programmers?	If you make anything in your class virtual, make the destructor virtual, particularly if there's any chance that anyone might delete an instance of your derived class through a base class pointer. Otherwise, the behavior is undefined, I think, but even if it works, it's not what you want!
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Wow this is eerie. I literally fixed a bug a couple weeks ago that was this specific case.	They can be weird bugs to track down, too!
Tabs or spaces?	Spaces on an indent of 4, tabs set to 8.
How can I open an MS Binder file?	Push down on the metal tabs at the top and bottom of the central spine of the binder. That will release the 3-hole punch claws, and then you can remove your printed file.
"It's now safe to turn off your computer" Why was this splash removed?	I think most current BIOSes can do it on their own by now!
Do you have any insight as to why MS decided to build Windows 95 from the ground up instead of building off of an existing *nix system the way Apple did with OSX? Was it just for backwards compatibility or were there other reasons? Also, had you gone this way, how do you think Windows, and the industry in general, might be different? I'm asking as someone who thinks that WSL is the best thing to happen to Windows in years.	Windows 95 was not built from the ground up, but NT was. The most succinct reason (and just a guess, I'm not a spokesman) is that even though MS had Xenix on hand, there were fundamental problems in the way Unix handled SMP multiprocessor locks and so on at the time. I presume these have long since been solved in Linux, etc, but not without significant work.
	WSL is one of my favorite things too, but for the library of tools and software, it makes available to me, not because of some fundamental architectural superiority, I don't think!
What are your feelings about "Microsoft Bob"?	https://youtu.be/rXHu9OmLd8Y
What did source control look like in the 90's? How did MS keep its code from leaking out to the public? How did you handle versioning and different developers working on the same feature?	We used a tool called SLM, or Source Library Manager. It was sort of available briefly as a product under the name Microsoft Delta.
	It was OK for smaller teams but did not support branching, so just before I left we moved to Source Depot.
Why was Ctrl + Alt + Delete changed to Ctrl + Shift + Escape?	It wasn't! Ctrl-Alt-Delete raises the "Secure Alert Sequence" which triggers the OS to switch to the secure desktop, where you have the ability to click a button which will start task manager upon return to your regular desktop.
	Ctrl-Shift-Esc is a feature built into Winlogon that launches a TaskManager on the current desktop without switching to the secure desktop.
	There are theoretically hacks and exploits that can only be caught by switching to the secure desktop, so if you're ever in doubt, ctrl-alt-del is the more secure way to go.
How did DOS ever get away with just pulling device names like "COM1" out of thin air when it came to output redirection etc..?	That's for compatibility with MS-DOS.
What are you currently working on?	Mostly on LED and Microcontroller projects that I detail on my YouTube channel, and the channel itself takes a fair bit of my time! If you're curious, you can check out my current successes and failure adventures at http://youtube.com/d/davesgarage
Did you work with Kris Hatleid on Super Hacker and the game Evolution?	I worked with Kris on an unreleased title called "Commander Video". That's largely where I learned assembly language, since he did the bulk of the coding, I watched and did level design, etc. 1982 or so I believe!
Got any dev back door mainframe access codes for pinball?	hidden test
Dave, how did you manage to do all that without being able to google everything?	That's one of the craziest things... I got a degree in computer science before you could even look anything up!
	The hardest part was OLE2. Coming form a different platform (the Amiga) it was a monster to wrap my head around, and the book (Inside OLE2) was not the best for introducing devs to OLE. It scared me, and I sure could have used a YouTube tutorial or two!
Hi Dave! So here's a bit of an odd one. I loved your Space Cadet Pinball! I must have spent countless hours on it as a kid, and even now I still occasionally try to find ways to boot it up. A legitimate classic. But lately, the version windows offers just... don't feel the same. They aren't as nice. Is there a game you can name that you would say feels like a worthy successor to Space Cadet Pinball? Or even any more general pinball games you would recommend?	I have a real Black Knight 2000 machine here in the house that I fully restored, so I'm a fan of physcial pinball as well!
	I think the two best video games are (a) arcade Tempest, and (b) XBox Geometry Wars 3.
	GW3 is a classic, or should be!
Woah woah woah, University of Regina?!? Are you from here? Cool to see a UofR grad had such a major impact!	Yup! Check out the regina sub for a recent article
When working on MS-DOS what did you think of alternatives such as 4DOS, NDOS or DR-DOS, were they source of inspiration for new features or not at all ?	No in general, but Norton had NCD. It was a change folder command that could jump around the disk, so if you typed "NCD drivers" from the root, it could go down to "C:\windows\system32\drives". Super handy.
	So I tried to write one for NT, but it meant changing the working directory of the PARENT process (cmd.exe) and I could never figure out a clean and elegant way to do it without modifying CMD itself!
Which is the best version of Windows? (Figuratively speaking).	Windows NT 4.0

[A3: Main] Operation Beer Battered | Take Me Home | SAT NOV28 2000 UTC

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A Dying Peace: Chapter 3 (part 1)

Callsign/Role	IGN	Equipment
WASHINGTON
CO (The Patriot)	Khaki	SCAR 7.62
MED (The Frontiersman)	K R E P O S	A shotgun
MK (The Hunter)	Cloby	7.62 Hunting Rifle
ARTY (The Reenactor)	SKay	A musket
ARTY (The Other Reenactor)	Zefyr	A musket
:-	:-	:-
FREEDOM
FTL (The Recoil Enthusiast)	Kennedy	Troy M14
CLS (The Reporter)	buckethead	A camera (+ pistol)
AR (The Miniman)	Bobby	M249
DEMO (Blastin' Barry)	Obv	AR-15 + RPG + Charges
RIF (The Law)	Rogue	AR-15
RIF	zbrodniarz	AR-15
:-	:-	:-
LIBERTY
FTL (Tier Zero)	Wallace	Mk18
CLS (The Doctor)	Cozmicc	MP5, medical bills
RIF (The AR Guy)	Pauson	AR-15
RIF (The AK Guy)	Waterplant	AKM
MK (The Neglected Weapon)	sniper190	FR-F2, moustache
RIF	hotdog	AR-15
:-	:-	:-
JUSTICE
FTL (The Larper)	Disco	M16A4
CLS (The Range Medic)	Leetgamer1234	AR-15, "medical knowledge"
AR (Nambo: Last Blood)	Just-Tom	M60
LAT (The Veteran)		M16A1, LAWs
MK (The Youtuber)	AutarkOS	A .50, yeehaw.
RIF		AR-15
:-	:-	:-
VIRTUE
FTL (The Field Promotion)		???
CLS (The Overflow Guy)		???
AR (The Overflow Guy)		???
LAT (The Overflow Guy)		???
MK (The Overflow Guy)		???
RIF (The Overflow Guy)	Isaiah	???

Chapter 3:

The classroom was bright, filled with second-hand afternoon sun which illuminated the gaggle of small desks inside. Outside, The Boulevarde was busy with self-assured adults going about their business, steady, vigorous and lazy. Arlo did not envy them – all busy, all stressed and, in the end, much closer to death. He was happy to be inside, in this classroom; nothing to do but listen to Misses Wilde - who he had all the time in the world for. Her blue eyes and dark brown hair captivated him totally, held his attention hostage, but this wasn’t a kidnapping, or if it was, he was buried in Stockholm syndrome, he was a willing prisoner. He wasn’t really paying attention to the lesson but he could pretend to listen to what she said, it didn’t matter, it just gave him an excuse to look at her face, her eyes and her lips.
It wasn’t a regular day at school, today they had a new student. From his place at the back of the class he couldn’t really see her – Erica was her name – but he didn’t mind, as novel as it was to have a new classmate, he was content to watch Mrs Wilde. Arlo’s School was small – just one room, one teacher and ten students. He knew it wasn’t like this in other places, but Chalice was unique in more ways than just in the way it educated its kids.
“Cruor is supergiant, one of the largest gas giants discovered within the milky way galaxy. Despite being extraordinarily large, it’s Cruor’s colour which makes it so alluring. Our host, a huge ball of gas, is a vibrant crimson, a huge sphere of swirling blood-coloured gas, occasionally coagulating into super storms which churn across the vast oceans of thick ruby liquid gas below.”
Arlo sighed – Chalice, Cruor and Solari 101.
Misses Wilde heard him exhale, pasued and focused her eyes upon his. “Am I boring you, Arlo?”
He broke out into a sweat, shifted in his seat and avoided the probing eyes of his classmates. “No Misses Wilde” The new student kept her eyes at the front, from what he could see.
Mrs Wilde nodded and cleared her throat. “Good. As I was saying - The key ingredient is iron. Its extremely rare for a gas giant to have large quantities of any metal element, let alone the element which colours the very fluid in our veins. The outer gas layer is not actually red in colour, but clear, It is only the red mist created by turbulent storms and the crimson sea below which give the crimson giant its colour. However, viewed from space Cruor resembled enormous bright red cherry, as you well know”
Xavier was next to fold. He raised his hand impatiently
Misses Wilde regarded the plucky boy with a small smile. “Yes Xavier?”
“Why are you teaching us this – everyone knows this stuff, its common knowledge”
Misses Wilde raised a shapely eyebrow “common knowledge for some – not for others.”
She meant the new girl – Erica from the Moon.
Xavier frowned at the back of her head.
Misses Wilde continued. “Aside from us, Cruor’s system is lifeless, there are only three planets existing within the demure gaze of our aging sun, Samaran. The two inner most planets are hot balls of rock, very similar to the Solar system’s Mercury. Cruor is the next in line and positioned within Samaran’s goldilocks’ zone, it was initially deemed the most likely candidate for colonisation. Well not Cruor itself, but one of its many moons.”
She paused“How many moons orbit Cruor, Xavier?” Misses Wilde asked the boy.
Eight, thought Arlo.
“Eight” Xavier stated through the exhalation of another melodramatic sigh.
Misses Wilde nodded, continued “Raysor was the obvious choice, however due to its ultra dry climate and almost complete lack of liquid water, settlement was postponed in favour of creating a hub for iron mining which would take place in the asteroid belts. As I said, Cruor exists as the third and outer most planet. Millions of kilometres further out from Cruor, one encounters the system’s extensive asteroid belt, filled with the remains of at least four other planets which used to accompany the now lonely three remaining. At least two of these now obliterated planets had been almost eighty percent iron by mass, meaning that the system’s asteroid belt is also largely made up of iron.”
Iron was a precious commodity in the current galaxy, be it for soils, construction, medicines, chemical manufacture, fuels, and a hundred other things - lots of people wanted it and more than a few relied on it. Arlo’s mum wouldn’t shut up about it.
Arlo knew the drill, so to speak. The metal was mined within the asteroid belt by large robotic diggers, part space-ship part excavator, the huge machines resembled blocky beetles tearing apart iron asteroids both small and large. He had seen footage of his mum’s mine, watched the machines devour space rocks – it was pretty boring. Once fully loaded with rocky iron composites, the insectile machines would navigate via fusion engines through the thinning sections of asteroid belt to one of hundreds of spherical processor-loaders. These ball shaped factories could dock twenty four miners on their external hull at any one time, the ships would sit in designated cradles where they would unload their payload of iron ore from the storage sections in their belly’s. The minerals would be processed as they travelled to the centre of the sphere, where a larger interplanetary hauler was slowly loaded. The huge iron carriers slotted into the processing spheres so deeply that only the tips of their hulls were exposed outside the mechanised ball. Arlo couldn’t help it, he had traced the journey of iron ore from space rock to foundry a thousand times, as soon as the thought was triggered, it was if his brain became a clockwork showreel, cranking out a series of pictures and diagrams as familiar as the layout of his bedroom, or shape of his mums face.
He submitted to it, lets his eyes glaze over and carry him through the show.
After the ore was processed the huge freighters would emerge slowly on herculean magnetic rails, facing towards Solari and wherever Cruor was at the time in relation to that area of asteroid belt. Then a week or so would pass on a slow burn moving deeper into the systems heart, meanwhile the final refinements were taking place within the kilometres of hull factory units the big ships possessed. Their destination was the system’s blood red marble and its sole habitat which acted as the distribution hub for all metal exports.
Aside from his mum’s tutelage, knowing the process was inescapable when he was forced, simply by proximity, to listen in on hundreds of his mum’s phone calls whilst trapped in their flyer, on space flights or during brief, sporadic and rarely sacred family holidays. The process complete, his mind began to resync with the present, the classroom and the lesson.
Meanwhile misses Wilde continued the lecture, familiar and boring.
“Cruor’s habitat is called Chalice. Chalice is a cylindrical living space filled to brim with a unique cross section of the conglomerate population. The habitat itself is nine kilometres in diameter and for twenty two kilometres of its length, its hollow interior a needle work jungle of dense metropolis, its enormous sky scrapers anchored to the curved interior all pointed towards the cylinder’s middle axis. If one were to look straight down the middle of the habitat, Chalice’s city looks like a steel pipe and with a hundred thick needles of varying lengths pointing into the centre, leaving a small gap between their tips. In realistic terms, the skyscrapers directly opposite each other always had at least a kilometre gap between their pointed rooftops”.
Misses Wilde paused, looked at Arlo again – he panicked, had be been breathing too loudly again?
“Arlo, tell me about the population of Chalice and its society”
Arlo swallowed, where to start? Not the boring stuff, no, no more boring stuff.
“The needle city has a certain reputation-“ Xavier scoffed “- for being on the dangerous side of liberal, we have very few laws here in Chalice, owing to Fred’s autonomy from the conglomerate, and thus a number of shady individuals and their dubious enterprises call the Needle City home. As a result, Chalice grown popular not only for its proximity to Cruor and iron mininig, but for the plethora of semi legal goods and services available to us and not the rest of the conglomerate.”
Misses Wilde gestured for him to continue “Such as?”
Arlo continued “radical genetic modification, experimental implants, illegal arms, restricted pharmaceuticals, bounty hunters, hit men, animal transformation, incompatible marriage…. ahh, etcetera.”
Xavier interrupted “Meanwhile, the mining companies rake in the real cash by stripping the asteroid belt of all the iron, companies like your mum’s company, right Arlo?”
“Xavier be quiet, if you want to speak raise your hand like the rest of your classmates “Misses Wilde snapped.
Arlo reddened, now the Erica from the moon knew he was rich kid because of his mum.
Misses Wilde took charge of the lesson again, continuing the boring, in depth description of Chalice and its peoples, sacrificing the attention of a class to educate the new girl on stuff she probably already knew.
Arlo lost focus. He was busy daydreaming about everything else when a notification appeared in his cortical web. Most of his implant’s functionality was suspended during school hours but the message function remained active, lest his family try to contact him.
It was a text from Xavier
“Rich cunt”
Arlo felt anger rise from his belly and grasp his attention firmly from within. Xavier shouldn’t be able to message him, their addresses were restricted in school hours so they couldn’t pass notes like this. He examined the notification. It seemed Xavier had sent the text via third party software designed to mimic a message from outside the classroom.
He stared at the back of the boy’s head, imagining the smug look on his face.
Arlo replied via the same thread
“At least my parents don’t murder kids” Arlo fired back.
Xavier’s parents worked for Black Sun, a protection service for gang VIP’s who didn’t trust their own members to keep them alive, a company accused of murdering a family, including young children at the behest of a disgruntled gang boss.
Arlo watched Xavier stiffen, relished it.
Then he noticed the new message in his inbox
“Passing notes are we gentlemen?” From a MW
Oh fuck.
“Arlo, Xavier please come to the front of the class.”
Arlo’s composure fell through the floor, he was in trouble, he hated being in trouble – hate the attention.
He extricated himself from his seat, following the sullen back of Xavier to the front of the class and turned to face his colleagues.
“You have both failed today’s test. That was to pay attention and remain obedient despite boredom” Arlo shook his head, everything was a test with Misses Wilde “Please read out your notes, Xavier you first”
Xavier flicked his eyes between Misses Wide and the rest of the class.
“Rich cunt” He stated, defiantly.
The other students reacted with a mixture of shock and amusement.
Arlo was red in the face, dreading having to speak the message he sent when he finally noticed the new girl.
Erica from the moon, with a face more beautiful than Luna by half. She was, quite simply, perfect and she was staring at him with brown eyes that seemed fit to bursting with sparkling wit and cool, focused attention.
“Arlo, now!” Misses Wilde ordered.
“At least my parents don’t murder kids” he said flatly.
Erica smiled.

The bar was becoming irritably busy for a night mid-week, the usual suited business types were swanning in through the front doors in groups of varying sizes, together with post dinner couples and other more scrupulous individuals. The corporates typically stopped briefly just within the doorway to survey the available furniture before masking their disappointment when none of the booths were available and eventually settling for the leather couches or small tables. The couples would just pick the closest free table and sit down, and the more dubious patrons usually headed straight to the bar stools.
The bar itself was a u-shaped bench topped with polished wood and brass beer taps, with a polished silver foot rail underneath. The bartenders were all in neat black and white uniforms and displayed an admirable sense of professionalism as they went about the business of lubricating the patrons.
The wall behind the bar was entirely made of glass, displaying a breathtaking panorama of the Needle City’s twinkling nightscape. The view was one of the few reasons Maxwell Forrest chose the bar, that and the fact that he had always drank at Godwin’s. They also had a fine selection of rums and a modest choice of ales, his two staples. He was currently sipping on a glass of Steel’s Five Year, a delicious dark rum distilled on Chalice, from imported ingredients of course, by the Fassaben Steel Company. Now on his second glass, he was becoming very fond of the drink’s charred-barrel finish, not to mention the smoothness of its rich molasses bouquet.
Maxwell shifted his polished leather boots on the foot rail and brushed his thick cotton trousers with his free hand, the condensation from the frosty beer taps kept pooling on the bar top and dripping onto his legs, his eyes temporarily lingered on the exposed handles of his holstered revolvers. Some people laughed at Maxwell’s outfit, hell, the group of tipsy teenage girls in the corner had been giggling and pointing at him all night. The bartenders, however, had studiously ignored his long leather overcoat, silver buttoned waist coat and pocket watch ever since Maxwell had started drinking at the bar. Perhaps it was just professionalism, he was their best customer after all. They did draw attention to his broad, flat brimmed hat, if only to ask what it was made from, which he never declared. Only once had he been asked about his brown leather gun belt and its cargo. Everyone ignored the large knife on his right hip.
Maxwell glanced at the girls table, rubbing a hand over his short black beard and openly scowling under the shady protection of his hat. They just laughed harder and pretended to ignore him. He would leave soon, he could find Steel’s Five Year somewhere else.
He took the last mouthful of Steel’s with a hungry gulp, feeling the warmth filtering into his belly. Almost as soon as he replaced the glass on the bar top, a smiling blonde haired bartender appeared in front of him. With her tight button up shirt emphasising her admirable chest, her slim face and mischievous eyes, Maxwell couldn't deny she was attractive, that worried him.
“Hello sir” She smiled sweetly “Another rum?”
He paused, he should leave.
“Yeah, ok” He replied from the comfortable anonymity of his hat’s broad shadow. The bartender nodded and began pouring a fresh glass, she had remembered what he was drinking.
“I like your outfit, have you been to a party?”
Maxwell stared at her levelly, projecting displeasure but she continued smiling. God she must be new, that's why he didn't recognise her.
“No party tonight, no.”
She nodded and placed his rum down on the bar top with a brown napkin underneath. “So this is your evening wear then?” Her cheerleader face held a half smile, a poor disguise of intelligence on something inherently vacuous. He could imagine all the other bartenders, the old hands, cringing, urging her to stop but he didn’t dare look for solidarity when faced with what should have been a poor challenge of his deliberate and callous introversion.
“No.”
She giggled, they didn't usually giggle when he was so short. She was staring at him, her eyes flicking between his beard and tired grey eyes. She brought a slender hand up suddenly, touching the corner of her fruit shaped mouth and lips, shining like the skin of an apple. “I know what you are! I’m studying earth history online and you're dressed exactly like a character out of an old western film, do you know what those are?”
Frustration with a touch of embarrassment temporarily churned in his guts “Nope.” He hoped it wasn't obvious; he hadn’t shifted uncomfortably had he?
“Oh. Well, Westerns were a genre of film back on earth, they would almost always feature a character called a gunslinger…”
Maxwell stood up, drowning the last of his Steel’s “How much is the bill?”
She frowned momentarily before consulting the tab system, probably through her cortical web “Ahh, it seems your bill has been paid for sir”. He nodded, he hadn’t payed for a drink at Godwin’s for as long as he could remember. He smoothed the front of his over coat, pulling its length around his body to conceal each weapon.
“Thankyou and good evening” He tipped his hat at the woman who was still looking at him curiously, god she looked sexier when she wasn't smiling. He made his way to the big oak doors, shuffling past the crowded tables with the comfortable dawn of tipsiness creeping up on him, he let the poison continue its effect. With one hand on the door someone tapped him on the shoulder and he turned to see one of the teenagers from the corner table smiling a pretty brunette smile up at him.
“Hey cowboy man” She giggled. He tried to open the door but she grabbed his shoulder. “hey! I just want a picture!”
He turned around and gave her a look with so much frost that she seemed temporarily perplexed by the resulting brain freeze.
“You already have plenty”.
He left her giggling as he pushed through the heavy doors out into the 53rd floor lobby, this level of the Forbidden City Tower was almost entirely bars and the elevator vestibule was packed with well lubricated individuals of all sizes and flavours. He ignored the long stares and obvious finger pointing as he boarded one the elevators and selected the 31st floor through his cortical web. He shut the doors before anyone else could board, leaving him alone in the small cube. It took less than ten seconds for the elevator to arrive on his level, it hadn’t stopped to pick anyone else up which was an unusual luxury he was still getting used to.
The 31st floor was quiet, its white interior plain and lonely. He moved down the corridor which led to the Matin Tower skybridge and soon the corridor turned to glass as he walked out onto the overpass. All around him, the lights and towers of needle city perforated the darkness. Well-lit flyers shot both above and below the bridge as he proceeded along its transparent length. He gazed upwards and could just see the flaring tips of the opposite surface’s towers piecing the night sky, pointing down at him like enormous metal stalactites.
Matin Tower was bright, the walls warm ochre in colour and the floor patterned with black and white tiles. Just as he stepped up to the elevator which would take him to his apartment something blinked in his consciousness, it wasn't explicitly in his visual field, more like an unavoidable thought which forced itself into one’s mind. He accessed the notification without any emotion, it was as he expected.
He turned on his heel and headed for the nearest flyer station and soon stepped out into the Chalice night on one of Matin Tower’s numerous flyer platforms, the city’s usual buzz and hum greeted him in all its boring normality, the air was fresh on the nose yet still warm.
His silver and black flyer was waiting at the first bay; the vehicle was a sleek, straight-edged machine of sharp angles and flat composite paneling. The Maiko had a presence of malicious grace, sleek, refined and menacing. A door hinged upwards as he approached and Maxwell stepped into the all black interior, pulling his coat hem into the vehicle as the door slid closed. He sat back in the personalised comfort of the pilots seat as the flyer silently pulled upwards and dipped away from Matin Tower and its platform.
A short flight around the sleek structures of various towers and superscrapers brought him to what his cortical web identified as Three Stokes Superscraper. The building was dull grey in colour, now black under nights shade and of roughly rectangular design. The slightest twist in the structure meant that every hundred meters or so the building would have rotated ninety degrees.
An alert appeared in his consciousness and he began cleansing the alcohol from his brain. The world became subtly clearer as the poison was removed from his synapses, efficiently converted to a harmless by-product by enzymes and carried away to his blood. Anxiety began rearing its ugly head so stopped the process before its completion and then felt guilty for doing so. The flyer was rising vertically perhaps a meter away from the steel and glass cliff of the superscraper, its lights had dimmed to nothing and its windows were now at maximum tint. Maxwell’s door, on the building side, was sliding back silently, leaving his booted feet perhaps ten centimetres from a fall of perhaps a kilometre or so. The Chalice air eddied into the flyers cabin, mixing with the cool conditioned breath of the flyers atmosphere modifier, he waited patiently as the ascent continued.
Finally, another alert signaled the approaching end of his journey and seconds later the flyer brought itself level with a quiet balcony. The space was cut into the side of the building, with no roof and a floor area of perhaps twenty square meters. The beige stonework was devoid of any furniture and a set of doors led into the murky interior of an apartment beyond. A single suited figure was leaning against the railing, facing the apartment and staring silently. The man hadn’t heard the flyer ascend behind him and now Maxwell sat perhaps two meters away from the balconies edge, level with the man’s head.
Maxwell slid his right hand into his coat easily finding the smooth handle of his revolver on the opposite hip, his eyes never left the man’s head. His hand closed around the weapon and he released it from its holster with a slow draw. The weapon was beautiful, modelled off the Janz Revolver - a simple design that exuded raw power; from the long steel barrel to the simple trigger mechanism, Maxwell felt an enormous almost giddy appreciation for his antique hand cannons.
He extended an arm and lined up the weapon’s long silver barrel with man’s exposed head. Firing a gun was about creating a vector, a bridge between the gun and the target, a momentary - yet tangible link between weapon and victim.
The weapon discharged with a flash and a deafening metallic retort, sending the man smashing to the floor face down with a wet thud. Red mist lingered in the still air as liquid blood pooled around the man’s now ruined face. The exit wound was larger than his fist and steaming. Maxwell sighted the man’s twitching back and fired again. The corpse jolted grotesquely with the bullet’s impact. The second shot was to ensure any chest implants lost their supply of blood within the next minute, rendering them inert. He had forgotten the first couple of times.
The flyer’s door started to slide shut as the smoking weapon was replaced in its holster. The stink of cordite tickled his nostrils. The flyer banked and disappeared into the night, leaving the corpse to bleed and cool in the warm night air. It would disappear before morning, along with any evidence of the murder.

The shop was a disorientating mix of unidentifiable sprawling clutter and neat workspaces, all around the tiled room boxes of components of varying complexity and quality huddled around clean white benches. The slab-like assembly areas resembled places of worship, altars to a machine god who demanded pristine surfaces, shiny tools, and high wattage LED lamps. Whereas the rest of the floor space was dominated by the scraps and components, one couldn't tell which was which, these were relegated to the floor like bizarre offerings, thrown into all number of crates and containers. Perhaps the off cuts or remains of the sacrifices made at each altar.
Hanis Mills led the way through this unsettling space with an obvious familiarity which diligently ignored the Vaarious obstacles and potential trip hazards, not once did his slippered feet knock a stray piece of equipment. Maxwell followed hesitantly behind, his head still aching softly with Steels Five Year’s enduring legacy. Sleep had been hard to find after his latest summons, mangled heads on lonely balconies still flickered unsettlingly in his mind’s eye.
The short technician halted before altar number one, his crisp white lab coat sharing kinship with the pristine work bench in front of him. The current creation seemed rather unsubstantial amidst the jungle of complex circuitry, nanoweave clippings and polymer sheets which inhabited this altar’s collection boxes. Upon the bench, a pair of plain brown slacks were neatly folded down the middle, the material was dull under the clean white light of the overhead LED lamp.
“Your pants were perhaps the simplest to fabricate and thus were finished first” Hanis glanced round at Maxwell with beady eyes and a furrowed brow, the man was such a blatant boffin stereotype Maxwell often wondered if dorky people chose to be lab technicians, or if just being a techie moulded you into the stereotype.
Hanis continued “As will most items such as this, the hardest part was trying to conceal its true properties. However, all your requirements have been met; the material is a matrix of smart nanofibres and standard military grade synthetic polymers selected for durability and weight. The material is extremely heat resistant, offering moderate protection to a range of hand held beam weapons, and of course it has the requested anti ballistics capabilities provided by the smart nanoweave matrix.”
Maxwell marvelled at the new slacks, they looked like exact copies of the genuine cotton pair which he wore now, he couldn't wait to test them in the safety of his apartment. Hanis didn't seem discouraged when his client remained silent, instead the small man moved to a slightly larger work bench positioned against one of the walls, still deftly ignoring the cluttered floor space. This bench was much larger, accommodating a dark brown overcoat and a folded waist coat of similar colouring.
“Now, the waist coat has much the same properties of your pants; however, at the expense of some additionally weight, the ballistics protection has been enhanced by at least fifty percent. The fabric also has an additional processor array located below the armpit which will integrate with your cortical web and the various sensors in the coat itself, in this way, your implant will be able to control the coat’s medical package, your other requested addition to this item. The package contains the standard suite of treatment functions and drug dispensers used for combat based trauma” Hanis gestured for him to feel the weight of the fabric which he did, the difference was hardly noticeable yet it was appreciably thicker.
Hanis ran a hand over the sturdier looking material of his new overcoat “Now this item is truly a significant feat of micro engineering and fabrication, some of my best work went into this project.” Hanis was staring seriously at the bulky coat, probably recalling numerous tedious hours and fleeting celebrations during its creation.
Hanis sighed “When activated, this coat will stop a Hunners and Baron R30 at moderate range.”
Maxwell gaped, his stony all business façade shattered. “you're not serious?”
“Im serious” Hanis rubbed the bridge of his nose as though tired “Now. I know you didn't request anything with damage thresholds like that, however I got carried away when discovered it was possible.” He licked his lips “And so, I wont charge you more than the original quote, the proof of concept this item represents is extremely valuable in itself.”
Maxwell frowned, a Hunners and Baron R30 was currently considered the galaxy’s most powerful hand held projectile sniper rifle ever built. Its manufacturer, Hunners and Baron, had developed the weapon around four years ago and with its release, had sent waves of giddy excitement and awe through every man, woman, child or alien with even a casual interest in firearms. It was rumoured that the Jar’ron had sent a ten strong delegation of military heavy weights to inspect the weapon at the company’s headquarters only days after its release. A month or so later the company had expanded its manufacturing by two hundred percent, a new contract with the Jar’ron military accounting for ninety percent for that increase. Soon after, military spectators and xeno combat enthusiasts had began to report seeing the R30 in the hands of Jar’ron special forces units in a range of deployments. The irony was, only the large Jar’ron frame could hope the operate the two meter long rifle without a suit, the galaxy was too large for coincidences like that.
Hanis had obviously guessed his clients interest in firearms, only someone in the know would understand the significance of his claim.
“How did you manage it?” Maxwell was genuinely intrigued, currently; only serious military grade armour systems had any hope of stopping a slug from the R30.
Hanis narrowed his eyes momentarily, obviously reluctant to divulge the details of his work but then sighed again “I guess you could have the thing examined and find out for yourself anyway”
“I wont”
Hanis’ face brightened
“Good craftsmanship is hard to come by, what you’ve done is extraordinary” Hanis blinked, obviously not used praise from his clients. God knows what type of people he had to deal with.
“Well thank you.” He produced a nervous smile “I will be lodging a patent for the technology within the next day or so” He looked back at the coat “Without going in to too much detail, it was simply a matter manipulating the size of the nano fibres, their patterning algorithms and then combining this system with something not previously used in this type of armour. Upon sensing a certain threshold of kinetic energy, the coat’s active armour system is activated. The nanofibre layer splits into two, the layer closest to the skin hardens into the normal anti-ballistics mat, while also deploying a layer of ballistics gel to the skin below, the layer above that forms a slightly looser mesh. Between these layers is small explosive – well its not really an explosive, more a store of kinetic energy, but its easy to describe that way, anyway with this timed perfectly, it will greatly decrease the force of the impact.”
Maxwell nodded “I've never heard of that sort of armour system being used in personal armour before”
“It hasn't, the nano mesh has always been too weak to for this technique to be viable for the clothing application,” Hanis replied. The small man began packing the items in a large black carry case, folding the bulky overcoat in his small hands. Maxwell was beginning to develop a less than cautious respect for the man, Hanis was obviously at the top of his field, yet why the man was here in Needle city building custom protection systems for mercenaries, and not in a state of the art lab at one of the huge military development companies, was a mystery.
Maxwell picked his way out of the lab with the large composite carry case in one hand, manoeuvring the thing between the workspaces proved to be a challenge he was glad to be sober for.
In the lab’s bare reception area Maxwell placed the case down and waited for Hanis to send him a copy of the invoice, the man was fiddling with his portable computer, tallying up the final expenses. Finally, a copy appeared in his mind’s eye, he scanned the charges quickly and grunted, the man had under charged him by an obscene amount. As he had promised, Hanis hadn’t charged him for the true cost of creating the coat, instead, charging him the only what the original quote specified.
Maxwell formulated a payment and produced his Chalice Expenses slate, Hanis took the black rectangle gingerly and placed it against his portable computer. When he saw the proposed payment appear on the device’s small screen the man’s beady eyes bulged momentarily out of their fatigue burdened sockets. He mumbled something inaudible before accepting the payment.
Maxwell grinned “I think that is a more appropriate sum, don't you think?”
Hanis gaped up at him “Its most generous of you, Mister Grant”
“May I ask one last thing in return?”
“Yes of course”
“You never built this coat”
Hanis frowned
“There is more than enough there to cover the costs of the materials for another if you wish to make it. Otherwise, you might think of creating a more appropriate demonstration piece for your new technology”
“You don't want anyone to know you have it?”
“Correct”
Hanis stared back blankly before realising the benefits this arrangement would bring if he wanted to sell the technology to one of the huge military supplier’s he would get a much better price if he could promise its exclusiveness.
“Ok.” He smiled weakly, smoothing his lab coat unconsciously. Maxwell picked up the case and extended his right hand towards the very capable boffin, despite his earlier musings Maxwell had always had a healthy measure of appreciation for techies, they were always what had kept his company ahead of his competitors.
“Why are you doing this, Mister Forrest?” Hanis had taken his hand in a firm grip, surprisingly solid for such a small man.
Maxwell felt a pang of anxiety “That’s Mister Grant, actually”
“I knew it was you as soon as you walked in”
“I don't know what you’re talking about” Maxwell let go of Hanis’ hand and began formulating a new payment. “But how much will it take to stop you from talking about it in the future?”
Hanis looked confused and slightly insulted “No, no, no, that won’t be necessary Mister Forrest. My colleagues and I always admired you, sir, Forrest Iron was always good to us. When we heard about what happened, all of us were distraught, believe me. Everyone still thinks you’re dead.”
Maxwell was staring blankly as the coldness sunk into his stomach, the icy sensation slid into his belly from its hiding place in thick glacial slabs, spreading anguish and misery from a place he’d tried so hard to destroy. It was a sensation he could only ever hope to push away temporarily, never cure.
“Goodbye Hanis” He turned and made his way to the door.
Hanis watched the man leave, seeing that horrible darkness seep from his former employer’s tired eyes and infiltrate every square-centimetre of the man’s frame was painful to watch, Hanis began feeling supremely guilty he had ever mentioned it. He must have been the only survivor.
That poor, wretched man.

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